EM-200-25-95_student-assignments_V2024-2.indd Student assignments for EM-200-25_052984 Speed and position sensors trainer EM-200-25_052984-95_V2024-2 © ConsuLab Educatech Inc, 2023. All rights reserved. EM-200-25_052984-95 Table of contents 400-6330 Zéphirin-Paquet St. Québec QC G2C 0M3 Canada consulab.com info@consulab.com Toll-free: +1 (800) 567-0791 USA: +1 (810) 222-4525 Canada: +1 (418) 688-9067 Fax: +1 (418) 843-3444 2 © ConsuLab Educatech Inc, 2023. All rights reserved. No part of this work may be reproduced or transmitted in any form by any means, electronic, mechanical, including photocopying and recording, or by any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publisher. Printed in Canada. The content of this manual is applicable to models 052984 and above. Table of contents Theory Introduction 4 Passive induction sensor (Magnetic induction sensor) 6 Hall effect sensor 10 Magneto-resistive sensors 12 Student assignments SA-1 Student assignment — Using a DMM (Digital Multi Meter) On a Magnetic Inductive Sensor 18 Answer Sheet 19 SA-2 Student assignment — Using a DSO On a Magnetic Inductive Sensor 20 Answer Sheet 21 SA-3 Student assignment — Measuring the Changes That Position Causes 22 Answer Sheet 23 SA-4 Student assignment — Checking the 5 Volt Power Supply 24 Answer Sheet 25 SA-5 Student assignment — Using a DMM on a Hall Effect Sensor 26 Answer sheet 27 SA-6 Student assignment — Using a DSO on a Hall Effect Sensor (2 pages) 28 Answer sheet 30 SA-7 Student assignment — Using a Dual Trace DSO on a Magnetic Sensor and a Hall Effect Sensor 31 Answer sheet 32 SA-8 Student assignment — Using a DMM on an Internal Magnetic Magneto-Resistive Sensor 33 Answer Sheet 34 SA-9 Student assignment — Using a DSO on an Internal Magnet Magneto-Resistive Sensor (2 pages) 35 Answer Sheet 37 SA-10 Student assignment — Measuring the Results of Changing the Air Gap on a Magneto-Resistive Sensor 38 Answer Sheet 39 SA-11 Student assignment — Using a DMM on an External Magnetic Magneto-Resistive Sensor 40 Answer sheet 41 SA-12 Student assignment — Using a DSO on an External Magnet Magneto-Resistive Sensor (2 pages) 42 Answer Sheet 44 SA-13 Student assignment — Adding Resistance on the Ground, Power or Signal Circuits 45 consulab.com info@consulab.com 3 EM-200-25_052984-95 Theory Theory consulab.com info@consulab.com 4 EM-200-25_052984-95 Introduction Introduction It seems that each year brings more and more information that is “required” to be taught in the modern automotive classroom. Each year it becomes increasingly difficult to pack it all in. Something has to go. With this in mind, you need to recognize that sensors should not fall off the curriculum band wagon. They are the building blocks of computer control and are virtually vin every automotive system. Whether it is engine control, CAN Bus, or brakes, sensors are basic and their operation and diagnosis procedures need to be instructed. Two areas of sensors are those that measure speed and/or position. We will look at 4 different types of speed and position sensors in this manual. 6 109 8 7 9 4 1 35 2 13 This sensors are arranged on a rotating shaft that can be rotated from 0 to 1200 RPM and is adjustable with a front pan- el control knob (7), which controls the 110V drive motor (5). In addition there is a switchable 5 volt power supply (8) and individual switches that can “unplug” the sensors (9) for multi-meter testing. There are test points for each sensor where a Digital Multi-meter (DMM) or a Digital Storage Oscilloscope (DSO) can be connected. Note : This trainer is a great stand alone demonstration unit or it can be used in a student lab situation for teaching either sensor operation or DSO testing. Normal patterns are included with this handout. consulab.com info@consulab.com 5 EM-200-25_052984-95 Introduction The four sensors used are : 1. Passive inductive sensor. This is a CKP (Crankshaft Position Sensor) from a 2008 Hyundai Accent. It is sometimes referred to as a magnetic inductive sensor. 2. Hall Effect sensor. This is a CMP (Camshaft Position Sensor) from the same 2008 Hyundai Accent. 3. Magneto-resistive sensor with an internal magnet. This is a front ABS (Antilock Brakes System) sensor from a 2008 GMC pickup. 4. Magneto-resistive sensor with an external magnetic strip. This is a front ABS sensor from a 2008 Honda Civic. Speed and position sensors are the building blocks to understanding common electronic devices. They also allow for the use and training on DMM and DSO. Additionally these sensors are frequently out in the weather catching road dirt, salt, water, snow and ice. These sensor are a source of frequent failures and function from -40 to over 200 ºF (-40 to over 90 ºC). Proper understanding of these sensors and how they operate in the many vehicle systems using them should be consid- ered to be a basic requirement. Let’s look at each one individually. consulab.com info@consulab.com 6 EM-200-25_052984-95 Passive induction sensor (Magnetic induction sensor) Passive induction sensor (Magnetic induction sensor) This sensor generates an AC (Alternating Current) signal. The sensor has a coil of wire wrapped around a permanent mag- net. The reluctor wheel is a ferromagnetic tooth reluctor which will absorb or concentrate the lines of force from the mag- net. The slots in the reluctor cause the lines of force to change from a concentrated to an un-concentrated state or move back and forth. When the lines of force move in one direction we get a positive signal. A negative signal is generated when the lines of force move in the opposite direction. The coil of wire “sees” this + then – pulse. The voltage generated by the sensor will be Alternating Current (AC) and will produce an analog (sine wave) signal. The output (voltage amplitude) and sensor frequency will vary with the speed of the reluctor. Typical values range from approximately 500 millivolts (500mV) at low speeds to as much as 30 volts at high speeds. Factors other than speed can affect the output voltage. These are : • Air gap of the sensor to reluctor wheel (adjustable on the EM-200-25) • Strength of the permanent magnet • Resistance of the sensor windings • Number of coil windings • Temperature of the sensor The EM-200-25 sensor #1 is from a Hyundai and should generate a signal like this one shown out of a Hyundai service manual : consulab.com info@consulab.com 7 EM-200-25_052984-95 Passive induction sensor (Magnetic induction sensor) Zero volts is just about in the middle of the screen. The voltages go from zero up to a high of about 5 volts and then switch to below zero at about -4.5V. The gap in the pattern to the right of the middle is caused by a slightly wider notch in the reluctor. Manufactures use the notch and the different signal it produces to indicate position. For example TDC (Top Dead Center) might be the position of the notch. Large Notch The large notch is a different width and only shows up once each rotation of the reluctor. The spread out pattern is caused by this wider notch spinning past the sensor. So the module that is using this information can count the number of puls- es to determine speed and look for the wider notch to determine position. The pattern change that this notch causes is sometimes called the synch pulse. These sensors are frequently used as distributor pick-up coils, CKP (Crankshaft Position Sensors), CMP (Camshaft Posi- tion Sensors), or ABS (Anti-lock) wheel sensors. They can be initially tested using an ohmmeter assuming a specification is known. The specification for our sensor is 500-1000 Ω. When we connect an ohmmeter to the two terminals of the disconnected sensor we get : 0.870 kΩ is 870 Ω, so the resistive value of the sensor appears correct. Two notes here : First, do not use an ohmmeter on a live circuit as your value will not be correct and you may damage the meter. Second the sensor needs to be discon- nected and not functioning before resistance testing with an ohmmeter. consulab.com info@consulab.com 8 EM-200-25_052984-95 Passive induction sensor (Magnetic induction sensor) Shown below is a DSO (Digital Storage Oscilloscope) waveform taken from sensor #1 of the EM-200-25. If the air gap is not correct the generation of the AC will not be the same. We can demonstrate a varying air gap on the EM-200-25. If the air gap is larger than it should be, the pattern will not show as much AC generated voltage. The adjust- ment knob will move the sensor closer or farther away from the reluctor to demonstrate that improper air gaps will have an impact on generated voltages. Notice that the amplitude or amount of generated voltage has been greatly reduced from 3.5 volts average to 2.5 volts average. If the air gap on a magnetic induction sensor is too great, the signal might not be strong enough for whatever module is looking for it. consulab.com info@consulab.com 9 EM-200-25_052984-95 Passive induction sensor (Magnetic induction sensor) One additional consideration that a magnetic induction sensor has is that its output is proportional to its speed. When we increase the speed of the reluctor, the sensor output voltage and frequency will also increase as this figure shows. Notice that the output has increased as the speed increased. A voltmeter can be used to measure the generated output voltage of the sensor. In the figure below, a voltmeter is measuring sensor output voltage, but there is little information for the technician to compare against. Here is the output average at low speeds using the EM-200-25. To review, a magnetic induction sensor will produce AC voltage. The voltage will be proportional to the speed of the sensor and the air gap. A DMM’s ohmmeter can be used to measure the resistive value and a voltmeter can measure the sensors output, however the greatest amount of information is in using a DSO. Pattern analysis can tell the whole story. consulab.com info@consulab.com 10 EM-200-25_052984-95 Hall effect sensor Hall effect sensor The second sensor that we will look at is the Hall Effect sensor from the 2008 Hyundai CMP (Camshaft Position Sensor). NOTE- All active sensors require power from an external source for operation. Most are fed with 5 volts and the EM-200- 25 has an internal switchable power supply. Without the 5 V and a good ground, the sensor does nothing. The Hall Effect is described as when a current is passed through a semiconductor, a voltage is generated proportional to the strength of the permanent magnet. An integrated circuit, inside the body of the sensor will create a DC (direct current) square wave signal. The hall sensor and magnet are positioned so that as the notches and teeth of the wheel pass by, they will influ- ence the magnetic field. The output amplitude of the sensor will remain the same. The sensor is considered Active since it generates a signal at virtually any speed or even stopped, as opposed to the magnetic sensor that requires reluctor speed to produce a signal. The Hall-Effect sensor can be used for the same applications as the inductive sensor. The output will not vary as the speed changes. There are other designs of Hall Effect Sensors that use external magnets and ferromagnetic shutter wheels that pass between the sensor and magnet. These types are more typically used in distributors. Changes in speed and position can be measured using this sensor. Some of these sensors have adjustment procedures that properly position the sensor. This adjustment must be set correctly or the sensor might not function correctly. Once power is applied to the Hall Effect and the trigger wheel/reluctor is spinning, the sensor will generate a square wave DC signal that is different from the magnetic inductive sensor AC signal. Most Hall Effect sensor have 3 wires : Power (5 volts) ground and the signal. consulab.com info@consulab.com 11 EM-200-25_052984-95 Hall effect sensor Notice in the above waveform, the signal starts at zero volts indicated by the red horizontal line on the left middle edge. The signal rises to just about 5 volts and then sharply falls back to zero. This is a digital signal whereas the magnetic in- duction sensor was considered an analog signal. If we speed up the EM-200-25, more patterns (frequency) will appear on the screen but the amplitude will not change. Changing the air gap does not change the voltage, unless the air gap is too great, causing the sensor to not produce any output. Frequently, vehicles will have both a magnetic induction sensor and a Hall Effect sensor. The 2008 Hyundai Accent in the EM-200-25 uses the magnetic induction sensor as the CKP and the Hall Effect for its CMP. If we use a DSO and dual trace these two sensors over the same period of time, you will see what the module sees. Two patterns : one DC digital signal (top pattern) and one AC analog signal (bottom pattern). Channel A is blue and is the analog AC signal. Channel B is red and is the digital DC signal. consulab.com info@consulab.com 12 EM-200-25_052984-95 Magneto-resistive sensors Magneto-resistive sensors We will look at the last two sensors together since they are very similar. Their outputs will look the same on a DSO. The magneto-resistive sensor can have its magnet internal or external in a strip formed like a reluctor. The principle behind this sensor is the fact that magnetic field can be used to vary the resistance of a current carrying conductor. Varying the resistance changes the current flow which is amplified in an IC (integrated circuit) and produces a square wave DC signal that looks like a Hall Effect signal. This is called the anisotropic magnetoresistance (AMR) effect. The current output of the sensor is generally very low (between 7 mA and 14 mA). It is not practical to measure this current, so generally voltage that is pushing the current is measured using a DSO. One of the major difference in these sensors is that they can be used to determine direction of rotation. The sensor may have an internal magnet and use a toothed wheel like other sensors or it may use an external magnetic encoder with multiple magnetic segments and alternating polarity. The magneto-resistive sensor is most often a two-wire sensor, however, a three-wire configuration is found on some appli- cations and like the Hall Effect it requires power generally in the 5-volt range. The sensor is less affected by increasing air gaps and can provide a signal at near zero rpm. Since the sensor can detect the slightest beginning motion, it is sometimes used in steering angle position and Hill-Assist” sensors with varying spaced triggers. consulab.com info@consulab.com 13 EM-200-25_052984-95 Magneto-resistive sensors Typical MR sensor output waveform The MR sensor output voltage is greatly reduced from the typical Hall Effect. Hall voltage is usually around supply voltage and in the case of the Hyundai was 5 volts. On the magneto resistive the output voltage runs from a low of about 0.5 V to a high of 1.5 V. Sensor #3 is from a front ABS unit of a 2008 GMC Pickup while sensor #4 is from a 2008 Honda Civic ABS system. Re- member that the only difference in these two sensors is : where does the magnet sit. Is it internal or in a strip external to the sensor ? An ohmmeter is generally not used on these sensors since their output is only present when a supply voltage is present. A voltmeter or a meter set up to read pulse width can be used and will be used in the student activity portion of this man- ual. A DSO is considered to be the tool of choice for many technicians. The mounting of these ABS wheel speed sensors may be on the front strut. consulab.com info@consulab.com 14 EM-200-25_052984-95 Magneto-resistive sensors Again the main difference is in where is the magnet. This picture shows the reluctor of an internal magneto resistive sensor labeled as the toothed ring. The toothed ring is virtually the same as for a Hall Effect reluctor. When we look at the external magnetic strip, you will notice that there are no slots or notches. There are a series of small magnets separated by non-magnetic material. The sensor rides alongside the strip as this photo shows. This strip contains the small pole magnets separated by non-magnetic material The sensor sits alongside the strip This photo shows the darker colored strip as part of the trigger or reluctor wheel. The MR sensor using the axial magnetic pole magnet strip provides a faster resolution signal and is used for applications requiring high accuracy. If you are a student, we hope these simplified explanations of how these sensors function will help you as you learn about speed and position sensors. consulab.com info@consulab.com 15 EM-200-25_052984-95 Magneto-resistive sensors If you are an instructor, teach pattern analysis in your classes. It is helpful to get the students/technicians to distinguish a good pattern from a bad. Use iATN as a source for patterns. You have to be a sponsoring member to use the available patterns. The free Pico Automotive 6 software and many Facebook technicial forums are other great learning resources for sensor waveform pattern analysis. Request permission from the posting technician and give him credit in your handout. For example here is a known good Ford Taurus CKP. Here is a known bad CKP sensor from a Toyota. consulab.com info@consulab.com 16 EM-200-25_052984-95 Magneto-resistive sensors After sensor replacement, the pattern changed to : Patterns taken off of iATN and other sources, will give you a wealth of information that would be impossible to collect on your own. Always request permission from the posting technician and keep his/her name on the pattern to give credit. We hope this simplified explanation of these 4 sensors will be of value to you in the future. Teaching some old sensors from a new perspective might just give the students what they need to function on today’s modern vehicle. Using the EM-200-25 with this manual can enhance the experience. The separate Student Activities Manual contains some easily understood lab activities for the student. Coupled with iATN patterns for known good and known bad, the student understanding will be greatly improved. consulab.com info@consulab.com 17 EM-200-25_052984-95 Student assignments Student assignments The purpose of the following student assignments is to have you develop an under- standing how these four speed and position sensors function. We will use a DMM for ohmmeter, voltage, pulse width and frequency measurements. We will also use a two channel DSO to analyze the signal generated. During each assignment fill in the student answer sheet. If you can print the DSO patterns, you can attach them to the lab activity sheets. If you cannot print them, show your instructor the saved pattern so he can sign off on the lab activity sheet. consulab.com info@consulab.com 18 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-1 Student assignment SA-1 Student assignment Using a DMM (Digital Multi Meter) On a Magnetic Inductive Sensor Use the student answer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To use an ohmmeter and measure the resistance of the sensor relating the results to the specification. 1. Use whatever service information system your school has and find the specifications for the 2008 Hyundai Accent CKP sensor. Write it below. Note : different manuals will have different specifications. Using your manuals, fill in as many blanks as possible. Specifications : Ω Output voltage @ RPM AC or DC ? Frequency @ RPM Pulse width 2. With the EM-200-25 disconnected from power, turn the power switch off and return the speed control to zero. The reluctor shaft should not be spinning. Measure the resistance of the sensor by turning on the ohmmeter and placing the leads into the sensor’s two pins. Switch the sensor off. Disconnect the leads after taking the measurement. Ω 3. Is the measured resistance of the sensor within the range of the specification ? Yes No 4. Plug in the EM-200-25, turn the main power on and slowly advance the speed control until the shaft just begins to turn. Close the switch that connects the sensor into the system. Using a DMM measure and record the : AC Volts Frequency Pulse width 5. Turn the speed control until the shaft is about half maximum speed. Use the DMM and record the following. AC Volts Frequency Pulse width 6. Why does the sensor generate a signal ? 7. What happened to the AC Volts generated with increased speed ? 8. What happened to the frequency generated with increased speed ? 9. What happened to the pulse width generated with increased speed ? Show your instructor your lab sheet with all blanks filled in. consulab.com info@consulab.com 19 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-1 Student assignment Answer Sheet 1. Specifications : Ω Output voltage @ RPM AC or DC ? Frequency @ RPM Pulse width 2. Ω 3. Yes No 4. AC Volts Frequency Pulse width 5. AC Volts Frequency Pulse width 6. Why does the sensor generate a signal ? 7. What happened to the AC Volts generated with increased speed ? 8. What happened to the frequency generated with increased speed ? 9. What happened to the pulse width generated with increased speed ? Show your instructor your lab sheet with all blanks filled in. Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 20 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-2 Student assignment SA-2 Student assignment Using a DSO On a Magnetic Inductive Sensor Use the student a nswer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To capture a DSO (Digital Storage Oscilloscope) pattern off of a magnetic sensor. Procedure : Plug in the EM-200-25 into 110V power and turn on the trainer. Advance the speed control until the reluctor is spinning slowly. Make sure that the only connection switch closed is the one for the magnetic sensor. 1. Place the DSO channel 1 positive lead into the SIG blue terminal for the #1 magnetic sensor. Plug the negative DSO channel 1 lead into the GND terminal. Adjust the voltage so a trace is on the screen. Capture a DSO pattern that shows at least 10 AC patterns plus the synch notch on the screen. Record information on the answer sheet and if possible print the pattern. Show your instructor the pattern. Time between pulses Instructor signature Peak voltage achieved 2. Keep the scope settings the same and increase the speed to about ½ maximum. Record information below. Print the pattern. Show your instructor the pattern. Time between pulses Instructor signature Peak voltage achieved 3. Did the voltage increase with increased speed ? Yes No 4. Why did the results in #3 occur ? 5. Did the number of pulses change with increased speed ? Yes No 6. Why did the results in #5 occur ? Show your instructor your lab sheet with all blanks filled in consulab.com info@consulab.com 21 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-2 Student assignment Answer Sheet 1. Time between pulses Instructor signature Peak voltage achieved 2. Time between pulses Instructor signature Peak voltage achieved 3. Yes No 4. Why did the results in #3 occur ? 5. Yes No 6. Why did the results in #5 occur ? Show your instructor your lab sheet with all blanks filled in. Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 22 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-3 Student assignment SA-3 Student assignment Measuring the Changes That Position Causes Use the student answer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To observe and capture the difference in output that occurs as the sensor is moved closer and further away from the reluctor. 1. Find the adjustment screw for air gap in the back of the EM-200-25. Turn it to its full clockwise position, which is the minimum air gap. 2. Turn on the power switch and advance the speed control to about half way. 3. Record the output voltage (AC) with a DMM. VAC 4. Turn the air gap adjuster one full turn counter clockwise. 5. Record the output voltage with a DMM. VAC 6. Count the number of turns CCW that cause the voltage to fall below 1 VAC. Turns 7. Find the adjustment screw for air gap in the back of the EM-200-25. Turn it to its full clockwise position. 8. Turn on the power switch and advance the speed control to about half way. 9. Record the voltage peak with a DSO. V peak 10. Turn the air gap adjuster one full turn counter clockwise. 11. Record the voltage peak with a DSO. V peak Print or show your instructor the pattern. 12. Count the number of turns CCW that cause the peak voltage to fall below 1 VAC. Turns 13. What general statement can you make about gap and output voltage ? consulab.com info@consulab.com 23 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-3 Student assignment Answer Sheet 3. VAC 5. VAC 6. Turns 9. V peak 11. V peak Print or show your instructor the pattern. Instructor signature 12. Turns 13. What general statement can you make about gap and output voltage ? Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 24 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-4 Student assignment SA-4 Student assignment Checking the 5 Volt Power Supply Use the student answer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To observe and capture DMM and DSO reading from the 5 volt supply. Procedure : A Hall Effect Sensor requires power for it to function, whereas the magnetic inductive sensor did not. Turn on the main power switch and place the speed control at 0 RPM. The reluctor shaft should not be turning. 1. Turn on the 5-volt power supply switch. The red light should come on. 2. Place the DMM positive lead into the +5V red terminal for the #2 sensor. Plug the negative DMM lead into the GND terminal. Turn the meter to the DC Volts position. 3. Record the DC voltage using a DMM. V DC 4. Increase the speed control from off to full speed while observing the DMM. 5. Did changing the speed control cause the 5 volts to change ? Yes No 6. Move the speed control to the off position leaving the 5 VDC switch on. 7. Place the DSO channel 1 positive lead into the +5V red terminal for the #2 sensor. Plug the negative DSO channel 1 lead into the GND terminal. Adjust the voltage so a trace is on the screen. 8. Record the DC voltage. Print or show your instructor. V DC 9. Increase the speed control from off to full speed while observing the DSO. 10. Did changing the speed control cause the 5 volts to change ? Yes No 11. What significance does the answer in numbers 5 and 10 have on the operation of the Hall Effect Sensor ? consulab.com info@consulab.com 25 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-4 Student assignment Answer Sheet 3. V DC 5. Yes No 8. V DC 10. Yes No 11. What significance does the answer in numbers 5 and 10 have on the operation of the Hall Effect Sensor ? Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 26 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-5 Student assignment SA-5 Student assignment Using a DMM on a Hall Effect Sensor Use the student answer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To use a DMM on a Hall Effect Sensor under various operating conditions to see the effect on output. Procedure : Begin with the main power switch on and the speed control at its zero or off position. The Hall Effect Sensor is in position number two on the EM-200 trainer and does not have an adjustable air gap. 1. Verify that the +5 VDC switch is off. 2. Place a DMM positive lead into the SIG (signal) terminal and the negative lead into the GND terminal. Place the meter into the Volts DC position. 3. Advance the speed control from zero RPM to about the half position. 4. Record the meter reading. VDC 5. Bring the motor control back to zero RPM. Leave the main power on. 6. Turn on the +5 VDC switch. The power light should go on. 7. Record the meter reading. VDC 8. Advance the motor speed control to about half speed. Record the meter reading. VDC 9. Depending on your meter, record your readings : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 10. Go to full speed and re-record your readings : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? consulab.com info@consulab.com 27 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-5 Student assignment Answer sheet 4. VDC 7. VDC 8. VDC 9. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 10. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 28 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-6 Student assignment SA-6 Student assignment Using a DSO on a Hall Effect Sensor (2 pages) Use the student answer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To use a DSO on a Hall Effect Sensor and utilize the measurement functions to analyze the pattern. Procedure : There are many different types of DSO’s in use in classrooms. Your instructor will indicate to you what ca- pabilities the DSO you will be using has. Some of the fill in the blank questions may not be able to be answered with the DSO you are using. Begin with the main power switch on and the speed control at its zero or off position. The Hall Effect Sensor is in position number two on the EM-200-25 trainer and does not have an adjustable air gap. 1. Verify that the +5 VDC switch is off. 2. Place a DSO positive lead from channel one (channel A) into the SIG (signal) terminal and the negative lead into the GND terminal. Set the DSO so it can measure volts DC. 3. Advance the speed control from zero RPM to about the half position. 4. Record the minimum and maximum voltage readings. VDC minimum VDC maximum 5. Bring the motor control back to zero RPM. Leave the main power on. 6. Turn on the +5 VDC switch. The power light should go on. Advance the motor speed control so the motor is just spinning. 7. Record the minimum and maximum readings. Note : You should see a square wave signal. VDC minimum VDC maximum 8. Advance the motor speed control to about half speed. Record the minimum and maximum voltage readings. VDC minimum VDC maximum. Print or show your instructor the pattern. 9. If your DSO has measurement functions, calculate the following : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Instructor signature Max Volts V Avg Volts V consulab.com info@consulab.com 29 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-6 Student assignment 10. Go to full speed and re-record your readings : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Instructor signature Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? 15. How would you describe the Hall Effect signal ? 16. What effect did changing speed have on the pattern ? consulab.com info@consulab.com 30 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-6 Student assignment Answer sheet 4. VDC minimum VDC maximum 7. VDC minimum VDC maximum 8. VDC minimum VDC maximum. Print or show your instructor the pattern. 9. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Instructor signature Max Volts V Avg Volts V 10. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Instructor signature Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? 15. How would you describe the Hall Effect signal ? 16. What effect did changing speed have on the pattern ? Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 31 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-7 Student assignment SA-7 Student assignment Using a Dual Trace DSO on a Magnetic Sensor and a Hall Effect Sensor Use the student answer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To use a two channel DSO to show the relationship between a magnetic sensor and a Hall Effect sensor. The objective is to capture both patterns including the synch notch on the screen. Procedure : Start with the power switch on, motor speed control at zero RPM and the +5VDC switch off. 1. Following directions from your instructor, check to be sure that both channel A and channel B are active. Note : Some DSO refer to the different channels as channel 1 and channel 2. 2. Connect the DSO positive lead from channel A to the SIG terminal of sensor 1 (the magnetic sensor). Connect the negative lead to the GND terminal of sensor 1. 3. Connect the DSO positive lead from channel B to the SIG terminal of sensor number 2. Connect the negative lead to the GND terminal of sensor 2. 4. Advance the speed control until about half speed. 5. Does the DSO display patterns ? Yes No 6. Why or why not ? 7. Turn on the +5 VDC switch 8. Change the volts per division and the time per division until the pattern is clear, is measurable and the synch notch is visible. Use trigger to lock the pattern down. Note : Trigger off of the synch notch from the magnetic sensor and put the trigger position mid screen. 9. Print or show your DSO pattern to the instructor. 10. Advance the speed control to maximum speed and re-adjust all settings so the pattern is again clearly visible. 11. Print or show your DSO pattern to the instructor. consulab.com info@consulab.com 32 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-7 Student assignment Answer sheet 5. Yes No 6. Why or why not ? 9. Print or show your DSO pattern to the instructor. Instructor signature 11. Print or show your DSO pattern to the instructor. Instructor signature Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 33 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-8 Student assignment SA-8 Student assignment Using a DMM on an Internal Magnetic Magneto-Resistive Sensor Use the student answer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To take measurements that will allow the understanding of a magneto-resistive sensor with an internal mag- net. Procedure : The magneto-resistive sensor is in position #3 on the EM-200-25 and has an adjustable air gap. Start with the power switch on, motor speed control at zero RPM and the +5VDC switch off. 1. Verify that the +5 VDC switch is off. 2. Place a DMM positive lead into the SIG (signal) terminal and the negative lead into the GND terminal. Note : Use the GND terminal from sensor #2. Place the meter into the Volts DC position. 3. Advance the speed control from zero RPM to about the half position. 4. Record the voltage from the meter reading. VDC 5. Bring the motor control back to zero RPM. Leave the main power on. 6. Turn on the +5 VDC switch. The power light should go on. 7. Record the meter reading. VDC 8. Advance the motor speed control to about half speed. Record the meter reading. VDC 9. Depending on your meter, record your readings : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 10. Go to full speed and re-record your readings : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? 15. What is different about these readings when compared to the Hall Effect sensor readings ? consulab.com info@consulab.com 34 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-8 Student assignment Answer Sheet 4. VDC 7. VDC 8. VDC 9. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 10. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? 15. What is different about these readings when compared to the Hall Effect sensor readings ? Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 35 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-9 Student assignment SA-9 Student assignment Using a DSO on an Internal Magnet Magneto-Resistive Sensor (2 pages) Use the student answer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To capture the signal from an internal magnet MagnetoResistive Sensor using a single channel of a DSO. After capturing the signal, measurements will be taken of voltage and time. Procedure : There are many different types of DSO’s in use in classrooms. Your instructor will indicate to you what ca- pabilities the DSO you will be using has. Some of the fill in the blank questions may not be able to be answered with the DSO you are using. Begin with the main power switch on and the speed control at its zero or off position. The Magneto Resistive Sensor is in position number three on the EM-200-25 trainer and has an adjustable air gap. 1. Verify that the +5 VDC switch is off and the air gap on the sensor is at the minimum setting. 2. Place a DSO positive lead from channel one into the SIG (signal) terminal and the negative lead into the GND termi- nal. Note : Use the GND terminal from sensor #2. Set the DSO so it can measure volts DC. 3. Advance the speed control from zero RPM to about the half position. 4. Record the minimum and maximum voltage readings. VDC minimum VDC maximum 5. Bring the motor control back to zero RPM. Leave the main power on. 6. Turn on the +5 VDC switch. The power light should go on. Advance the motor speed control so the motor is just spinning. 7. Record the minimum and maximum reading below. Note : You should see a square wave signal. VDC minimum VDC maximum 8. Advance the motor speed control to about half speed. Record the minimum and maximum voltage readings. VDC minimum VDC maximum. Print or show your instructor the pattern. 9. If your DSO has measurement functions, calculate the following : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Instructor signature Avg Volts V consulab.com info@consulab.com 36 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-9 Student assignment 10. Go to full speed and re-record your readings : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? 15. How would you describe the signal from a magneto-resistive sensor ? consulab.com info@consulab.com 37 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-9 Student assignment Answer Sheet 4. VDC minimum VDC maximum 7. VDC minimum VDC maximum 8. VDC minimum VDC maximum. Print or show your instructor the pattern. 9. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Instructor signature Avg Volts V 10. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? 15. How would you describe the signal from a magneto-resistive sensor ? Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 38 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-10 Student assignment SA-10 Student assignment Measuring the Results of Changing the Air Gap on a Magneto-Resistive Sensor Use the student answer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To measure any changes that occur when the air gap of a Magneto Resistive sensor is changed. Procedure : This activity will use the internal magnet Magneto Resistive sensor which is in position 3. The sensor has an adjustable air gap. 1. Turn the power switch on and the speed control off. The reluctor shaft should not be turning. Turn the air gap adjust- ment fully clockwise so the air gap is smallest. 2. Turn on the +5 VDC switch. 3. Plug in the positive lead of a DMM set on volts DC into the SIG terminal of sensor #3. Connect the negative lead of the DMM into the GND terminal of sensor #2. 4. Turn the speed control to a mid-point setting. 5. Measure and record below the DMM reading. VDC 6. Slowly turn the air gap adjustment clockwise while observing the DMM. 7. What does the voltage do ? 8. Why does this occur ? 9. Turn the air gap adjustment screw fully counterclockwise setting the air gap back to minimum. 10. Replace the DMM with a single channel DSO and repeat 5 and 6. 11. What does the pattern do ? 12. Why does this occur ? consulab.com info@consulab.com 39 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-10 Student assignment Answer Sheet 5. VDC 7. What does the voltage do ? 8. Why does this occur ? 11. What does the pattern do ? 12. Why does this occur ? Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 40 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-11 Student assignment SA-11 Student assignment Using a DMM on an External Magnetic Magneto-Resistive Sensor Use the student answer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To take measurements that will allow the understanding of a magneto-resistive sensor with an external mag- net. Procedure : The magneto-resistive sensor is in position #4 on the EM-200-25. Start with the power switch on, motor speed control at zero RPM and the +5VDC switch off. 1. Verify that the +5 VDC switch is off. 2. Place a DMM positive lead into the SIG (signal) terminal and the negative lead into the GND terminal. Note : Use the GND terminal from sensor #2. Place the meter into the Volts DC position. 3. Advance the speed control from zero RPM to about the half position. 4. Record the voltage from the meter reading. VDC 5. Bring the motor control back to zero RPM. Leave the main power on. 6. Turn on the +5 VDC switch. The power light should go on. 7. Record the meter reading. VDC 8. Advance the motor speed control to about half speed. Record the meter reading. VDC 9. Depending on your meter, record your readings : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 10. Go to full speed and re-record your readings : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? 15. What is different about these readings when compared to the Hall Effect sensor readings ? consulab.com info@consulab.com 41 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-11 Student assignment Answer sheet 4. VDC 7. VDC 8. VDC 9. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 10. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? 15. What is different about these readings when compared to the Hall Effect sensor readings ? Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 42 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-12 Student assignment SA-12 Student assignment Using a DSO on an External Magnet Magneto-Resistive Sensor (2 pages) Use the student answer sheet for your answers. Do not write on this lab activity paper. Objective : To capture the signal from an external magnet magneto-resistive sensor using a single channel of a DSO. After capturing the signal, measurements will be taken of voltage and time. Procedure : There are many different types of DSO’s in use in classrooms. Your instructor will indicate to you what ca- pabilities the DSO you will be using has. Some of the fill in the blank questions may not be able to be answered with the DSO you are using. Begin with the main power switch on and the speed control at its zero or off position. The magne- to-resistive sensor is in position number four on the EM-200-25 trainer. 1. Verify that the +5 VDC switch is off. 2. Place a DSO positive lead from channel one into the SIG (signal) terminal and the negative lead into the GND termi- nal. Note : Use the GND terminal from sensor #2. Set the DSO so it can measure volts DC. 3. Advance the speed control from zero RPM to about the half position. 4. Record the minimum and maximum voltage readings. VDC minimum VDC maximum 5. Bring the motor control back to zero RPM. Leave the main power on. 6. Turn on the +5 VDC switch. The power light should go on. Advance the motor speed control so the motor is just spinning. 7. Record the minimum and maximum readings. Note : You should see a square wave signal. VDC minimum VDC maximum 8. Advance the motor speed control to about half speed. Record the minimum and maximum voltage readings. VDC minimum VDC maximum. Print or show your instructor the pattern. 9. If your DSO has measurement functions, calculate the following : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Instructor signature Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V consulab.com info@consulab.com 43 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-12 Student assignment 10. Go to full speed and re-record your readings : Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Instructor signature Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? 15. How would you describe the signal from a magneto-resistive sensor ? consulab.com info@consulab.com 44 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-12 Student assignment Answer Sheet 4. VDC minimum VDC maximum 7. VDC minimum VDC maximum 8. VDC minimum VDC maximum. Print or show your instructor the pattern. 9. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Instructor signature Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 10. Frequency Hz Pulse Width PWM Instructor signature Min Volts V Max Volts V Avg Volts V 11. What reading(s) changed ? 12. Why did the change occur ? 13. What reading(s) did NOT change ? 14. Why didn’t the reading(s) change ? 15. How would you describe the signal from a magneto-resistive sensor ? Name : Group : Date : Instructor : Grade : consulab.com info@consulab.com 45 EM-200-25_052984-95 SA-13 Student assignment SA-13 Student assignment Adding Resistance on the Ground, Power or Signal Circuits Objective : To predict what the addition of the resistance will have on the ground, power or signal circuits for each of the four sensors. To measure and validate the abnormal characteristics using digital multi-meters or DSO’s. Procedure : Use the Circuit Resistor & Jumper Wire package included with the EM-200-25. Circuit Resistor & Jumper Wire Package NOTE : All ConsuLab EM-200-25 Speed & Position trainers now includes a package of jumper wires as shown below. The package consists of two black jumper wires approximately 7.5” long with no internal resistance and one black jump- er wire approximately 8” long with a built-in resistor of 470Ω ± of resistance value. JUMPER WIRE 470Ω ± RESISTANCE JUMPER WIRES ZERO RESISTANCE The purpose of this feature is to provide additional student learning experiences with the ability of inserting unwanted resistance in the various sensor circuits on the trainer. The resistance can be selectively installed in the Power, Ground or Signal circuits of the trainer. The jumper wires have 2mm diameter terminals that fit into the various receptacles on the trainer. This resistance can duplicate the same abnormal vehicle operating characteristics caused from such things as loose connections, corroded or defective connecters or wiring. The Instructors Manual (EM-200-25-96) will contain DSO screen shots of the waveform obtained with the resistor installed at various locations on the trainer. Operating Instructions In this example, the jumpers are used on the Hall Effect sensor. The yellow arrow shows the three jumper wires. The plain jumper wires are installed on the Power (red) and Ground (black) termi- nals and the resistance jumper is installed on the Signal (blue) terminal. NOTE : The connecter “connected and disconnected” switch lo- cated at each sensor (see red arrow) MUST be in the “disconnect- ed”position for the resistance to be inserted in the circuit. Moving the switch to the “connected” position will internally bypass the resistance. The feature can be used to demon- strate the effect of unwanted resistance “in or out” of the circuit. As stated above, the jumpers can be used in any Power, Ground or Signal circuit of any sensor. CONNECTER “CONNECT & DISCONNECT” SWITCH consulab.com info@consulab.com 46 EM-200-25_052984-95 Notes Notes 400-6330 Zéphirin-Paquet St. Québec QC G2C 0M3 Canada © ConsuLab Educatech Inc, 2023. All rights reserved.
